FUNCTIONAL GROUP
	FUNCTIONAL GROUP
	An atom or group of atoms or radical which is responsible for the entire chemical properties of an organic compound is called a functional group. OR An atom or group of atoms in a molecule that gives the molecule its characteristic chemical properties is called a functional group. OR
	Active part of an organic compound which takes part in chemical reaction is always a functional group. Generally an organic compound is composed of two parts. Hydrocarbon part Active part Hydrocarbon part of an organic compound is chemically inert and the other part which is active is called functional group.
	ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND THEIR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
	Homologous series Functional group Example Alkanes None CH4, C3H8 Alkenes Double bond C2H4 , C3H6 Alkynes Triple bond C2H2, C3H4 Alcohols Hydroxyl group (-OH) C2H5OH, CH3OH Alkyl Halides Halide group (-X) C2H5Cl Amines Amino group(-NH2) C2H5NH2 Aldehydes COH CH3-COH, C2H5-COH Ketones (-CO-) CH3-CO-CH3 Carboxylic acids (-COOH) CH3COOH Ethers (-O-) CH3-O-CH3 Esters (-COOR) CH3COOC2H5
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	TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
	Organic compounds are divided on to two major categories: OPEN CHAIN COMPOUNDS OR ACYCLIC COMPOUNDS CLOSED CHAIN COMPOUNDS OR CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
	OPEN CHAIN COMPOUNDS
	Organic compounds which have open chain skeleton are known as aliphatic compounds. For example:
	CLOSED CHAIN COMPOUNDS
	Organic compounds containing closed ring are known as cyclic compounds. For example:
	Cyclo butane
	TYPES OF CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
	HOMOCYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS:
	When ring of compound consists of carbon atoms only, the compound is said to be "homocyclic or carbocyclic compound".
	HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
	When ring of compound consist of carbon as well as any other element, the compound is said to be "heterocyclic compounds". OR Cyclic compounds which contain at least one atom of another element in addition to carbon in the ring are referred to as "heterocyclic compounds"
	TYPES OF HOMOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
	Homocyclic compounds are divided in to two types. Alicyclic compounds. Aromatic compounds.
	ALICYCLIC COMPOUNDS
	Homocyclic compounds which resemble aliphatic compounds and do not contain benzene ring are termed as "Alicyclic compounds".
	AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
	Homocyclic compounds containing benzene ring are known as "Aromatic compounds".
	CRACKING
	When high molecular mass long chain alkanes are subjected to heat above their boiling point, they are broken down to produce smaller alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen. This thermal decomposition is called "cracking". Cracking involves splitting of larger alkanes of less volatile in to smaller molecules of high volatility on heating at high temperature and pressure in the presence of catalyst.
	TYPES OF CRACKING
	THERMAL CRACKING. CATALYTIC CRACKING
	CATALYTIC CRACKING
	In catalytic cracking, a catalyst such as silica or aluminum or zeolite is used.
	THERMAL CRACKING
	2CH3-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH=CH2 + CH2=CH2+CH4 +H2
	INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF CRACKING
	Gasoline Production. Petrochemical Production. Fuel gas Production. Synthetic petrol Production.
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